Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Walter Reed

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Upton Sinclair

A  Plasmodium vivax

B  Plasmodium falciparum

C  Plasmodium ovale

D  Plasmodium malariae

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence

B  the development of hypothesses

C  describing the scope of health problems

D  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

E  determining the risk of disease

A  Socrates

B  John Snow

C  Sir Percival Pott

D  Hippocrates

E  K.J. Rothman

A  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

B  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

C  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

D  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

E  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

A  (Z/Y) x 100,000

B  (Z/X) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (X/Z) x 100,000

E  (X/Y) x 100,000

A  None of these is correct.

B  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

C  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

D  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

E  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

A  a description of disease according to person variables

B  None of these is correct.

C  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

D  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

E  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Case series study

B  Cohort study

C  Case-conrol study

D  Cross-sectional study

A  Ecologic studies

B  Case-conrol studies

C  Case series study

D  Cross-sectional studies

A  Randomizing

B  Sampling

C  Grouping

D  Clustering

A  Morbidity

B  Prevalence

C  Incidence

D  Mortality

A  Coherence

B  Plausibility

C  Temporality

D  Specificity

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Escherichia coli

B  Staphylococcus aureus

C  Clostridium botulinum

D  Salmonella typhi

A  Trichinellosis

B  Botulism

C  Salmonellosis

D  Listeriosis

A  Foodborne disease

B  Foodborne infection

C  Foodborne intoxication

D  Foodborne outbreak

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

A  wearing long clothing

B  All of these are correct

C  use of mosquito-eating fish

D  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

E  removing standing water around the home

A  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

B  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

C  None of these is correct.

D  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

E  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

A  was caused by Francisella tularensis

B  required an abortion in oder to survive

C  recovered without receiving intensive care

D  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

E  None of these is correct.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Nickel

B  Copper

C  Iron

D  Zinc

A  Mercury

B  Beryllium

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

A  Arsenic

B  Cadmium

C  Mercury

D  Beryllium

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  National Environmental Policy Act

B  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

C  Toxic Substances Control Act

D  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

A  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

B  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

C  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

D  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Hazard assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Dose-response assessment

D  Ecologic assessment

A  Hazard assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Risk assessment

A  Exposure dose

B  Absorbed dose

C  Internal dose

D  Effective dose

A  Toxin

B  Toxicant

C  Teratogen

D  Poison

A  Synergistic

B  Potentiation

C  Coalitive

D  Antagonism

A  Additive

B  Coalitve

C  Antagonistic

D  Synergistic

A  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

B  it was a potent teratogen

C  it was associated with heart problems among adults

D  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

A  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

B  Experiments with normal volunteers

C  Dose-response assessments in human populations

D  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

E  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

B  argued for the creation of state health departments

C  were extremely innovative for their time

D  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

E  All of the above

A  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

B  identified an environmental cause of cancer

C  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

D  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

E  None of the above

A  brain damage

B  All of these are correct

C  some forms of cancer

D  damage to internal organs

E  impairment of physical and mental development

A  Chronic illness effects

B  Vomiting and stomach pain

C  convulsions

D  Sudden onset of headaches

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Manganese

C  Iron

D  Copper

E  None of the above

A  None of them is necessary to sustain life

B  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

C  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Skin contact with dusts

B  Ingestion

C  Inhalatin of dusts

D  Inhalation of metal fumes

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Chromium

C  Berylium

D  Arsenic

E  Silver

A  Lead

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  Cadmium

B  Lead

C  Mercury

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  protozoa

B  prion

C  rickettsial agent

D  virus

E  bacterium

A  bacterium

B  virus

C  rickettsial agent

D  prion

E  protozoa

A  discontinuance of DDT spraying

B  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

C  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

D  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

A  P. ovale

B  P.falciparum

C  P. malariae

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  Trichinellosis

B  Measles

C  Q-fever

D  The “black death”

E  None of the above

A  sand flies

B  rats and mice

C  mosquitoes

D  ticks

E  All of the above

A  bite or scratch of an animal

B  contact with the skin

C  ingestion of contaminated foods

D  direct inhalation

E  All of the above

A  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

C  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

D  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  By colocating businesses and residences

B  By encouraging the use of public transportation

C  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By encouraging people to walk more

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of government support

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of government support

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of government support

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of government support

A  Lack of governmental support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Poorly defined problems

A  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

B  They spend more time indoors

C  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

D  Their immune system are still developing

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

A  LD50

B  TLV

C  AQI

D  VOCs

E  TFR

A  increased resistance of food animals to disease

B  reduction in genetic diversity

C  development of herbicide resistance

D  increased crop yields

E  increased nutritional value of foods

A  Demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Restriction of international travel

C  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Intensive animal husbandry practices

E  All of the above

A  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

B  confined to a single time episode

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  at lower levels for shorter time periods

E  None of the above

A  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

B  protect the nutritional quality of foods

C  keep food free from rodent filth

D  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

E  make the food more attractive

A  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

B  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

C  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

C  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

D  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

C  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

D  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  toxicant

C  poison caused by bacterial activity

D  Toxin

E  None of the above

A  Chronic disease

B  Allergic responses

C  Acute conditions

D  Disability

E  All of the above

A  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

B  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

C  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

D  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

E  None of the above

A  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

B  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  heavy metals

B  monosodium glutamate

C  Mushroom toxins

D  marine toxins

E  All of the above

A  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

B  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

C  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

A  Residue from spraying crops

B  Chemicals from food wrappers

C  Vitamins to improve nutrition

D  Insect parts

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

B  quantity of a substance that is administered

C  quantity of a substance that is administered

D  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

E  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

F  None of the above

A  Shigella

B  Novovirus

C  Hepatitis A virus

D  Salmonella

E  None of the above