Lecture Exam 2

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

E  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  horizontal, inner

B  bipolar, ganglion

C  somatic, catalyst

A  ciliary muscle

B  cornea

C  iris

D  lens

E  retina

A  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

B  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

C  secretes hormones

D  functions as the body’s thermostat

E  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

F  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is located in the axon hillock.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains voltage-gated channels.

E  contains ligand-gated channels

A  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

B  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

C  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

A  the posterior column

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  anterior spinothalmic tract

D  medial leminscus tract

E  spinocerebellar tract

A  amygdala.

B  olfactory bulb

C  primary visual cortex

D  mammillary body.

E  cingulate gyrus.

F  hippocampus.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

B  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

C  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

A  Primary Visual cortex

B  Occipital lobe association area

C  Somatosensory cortex

D  Parietal lobe association area

E  Primary Auditory cortex

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both pens are activating the same receptor.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

A  depolarize a dendrite.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

D  be conducted to the axon hillock.

E  trigger an action potential.

A  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

B  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

C  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

D  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

E  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

A  the dorsal root conducts motor information

B  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

C  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

D  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

C  The depolarization phase of the action potential

D  The graded potential

E  All of these will not occur

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

C  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

D  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

E  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

A  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

A  Retraction

B  Deflection

C  Reflection

D  Refraction

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

A  chemoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  Pituitary gland

B  Pineal gland

C  Mitochondria

D  Hypothalamus

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

C  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

D  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

E  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

C  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

D  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

E  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

A  produce myelin

B  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

C  produce the CSF

D  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

E  can take up excess neurotransmitters

F  physically support neurons.

A  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

B  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

C  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

D  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

E  It has the same value in all cells.

F  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

A  norepinephrine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  norepinephrine

A  serotonin

B  dopamine

C  norepinephrine

D  acetylcholine

A  Proprioception

B  Cold and warmth

C  Pressure

D  Vision

E  pain

F  Sound

A  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

B  they exit from the anterior gray horn

C  they are part of the final common pathway

D  they secrete dopamine

E  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

F  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+ leak channels

A  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

E  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

A  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

B  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

C  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

D  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

E  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

A  cingulate gyrus

B  putamen

C  substantia nigra

D  mammilary body

E  globus pallidus

F  caudate nucleus

A  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

B  always results in muscle contraction

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  language ability

B  personality traits.

C  final sensory perception

D  voluntary initiation of movement.

E  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

F    

A  upper motor neurons

B  gamma motor neurons

C  lower motor neurons

D  nictonic motor neurons

E  delta motor neurons

A  Gray, White

B  White, Gray

C  Brown, Gray

D  Black, White

A  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

B  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

C  bind chemicals called odorants

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  cataract.

B  glaucoma.

C  myopia.

D  hyperopia.

E  presbyopia.

A  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  are found primarily in the heart.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A  They propagate without decrement.

B  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C  They always trigger action potentials.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Photoreceptors

E  Chemoreceptors

A  nicotinic

B  adrenergic

C  muscarinic

A  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

B  flatteningof the lens.

C  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

D  dilation of the pupil.

E  increased rounding of the cornea.

A  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

B  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  somatosensory cortex

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

B  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

E  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

B  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

C  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

D  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

E  Both near and distance vision are compromised

A  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

B  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

C  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

D  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

C  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

D  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E  1, 2, 3, 5, 4