Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  nicotinic

B  muscarinic

C  adrenergic

A  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

D  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

E  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  pain

B  Cold and warmth

C  Vision

D  Proprioception

E  Sound

F  Pressure

A  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

D  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

A  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

B  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

C  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

D  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

E  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

A  is where action potentials are first generated.

B  is located in the axon hillock.

C  is found in the soma of the neuron

D  contains ligand-gated channels

E  contains voltage-gated channels.

A  norepinephrine

B  histamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  dopamine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  dopamine

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  histamine

A  serotonin

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  somatosensory cortex

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

B  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

C  It has the same value in all cells.

D  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

E  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

F  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

A  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

B  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

C  Both near and distance vision are compromised

D  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

A  parasympatic

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  parasympathetic

A  personality traits.

B  language ability

C  voluntary initiation of movement.

D  final sensory perception

E  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

F    

A  Mitochondria

B  Pineal gland

C  Hypothalamus

D  Pituitary gland

A  Reflection

B  Deflection

C  Refraction

D  Retraction

A  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

B  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

C  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

F  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  cataract.

B  hyperopia.

C  glaucoma.

D  myopia.

E  presbyopia.

A  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

B  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

C  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

D  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

E  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

A  Primary Visual cortex

B  Primary Auditory cortex

C  Parietal lobe association area

D  Occipital lobe association area

E  Somatosensory cortex

A  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

B  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  chemoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is where action potentials are first generated.

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  increased rounding of the cornea.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

E  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

A  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

B  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

C  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

D  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

E  functions as the body’s thermostat

F  secretes hormones

A  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

B  both pens are activating the same receptor.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

A  Nociceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Photoreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

D  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

D  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  produce the CSF

B  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

C  physically support neurons.

D  produce myelin

E  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

F  can take up excess neurotransmitters

A  They are action potentials.

B  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

C  They propagate without decrement.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  depolarize a dendrite.

C  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

D  be conducted to the axon hillock.

E  trigger an action potential.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

E  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

B  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

C  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

D  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

E  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

A  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

B  always results in muscle contraction

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

A  Na+ leak channels

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  Na+/K+ pumps.

D  K+ leak channels.

A  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

E  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

B  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

C  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

D  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

E  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

A  caudate nucleus

B  substantia nigra

C  cingulate gyrus

D  putamen

E  mammilary body

F  globus pallidus

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

A  anterior spinothalmic tract

B  medial leminscus tract

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  the posterior column

E  lateral corticospinal tract

A  cornea

B  lens

C  ciliary muscle

D  retina

E  iris

A  The depolarization phase of the action potential

B  The graded potential

C  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

D  All of these will not occur

E  The repolarization phase of the action potential

A  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

E  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

A  they secrete dopamine

B  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they exit from the anterior gray horn

E  they are part of the final common pathway

F  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

A  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

B  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

C  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

D  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

E  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

A  Black, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  White, Gray

D  Gray, White