Chapter 7 Post Test

A  the Declaration of Independence.

B  Article I of the Constitution.

C  the First Amendment of the Constitution.

D  the Freedom of the Press Act of 1790.

A  ended the federal government’s licensing of radio and television stations.

B  allowed for greater concentration of media ownership than had been possible since regulation of the industry began in 1934.

C  established the fairness doctrine.

D  allowed for less concentration of media ownership than had been possible since regulation of the industry began in 1934.

A  the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

B  the right of rebuttal.

C  net neutrality.

D  the fairness doctrine.

A  satellite radio channels

B  cable television stations

C  over-the-air television stations

D  internet websites

A  owns, but does not control, the major sources of media.

B  controls most media content through regulations and tightly controlled press briefings.

C  does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media.

D  heavily regulates print media but imposes no regulations on radio and television broadcasts.

A  right of rebuttal

B  fairness doctrine

C  net neutrality

D  equal time rule

A  fairness doctrine

B  equal time rule

C  diversity in media doctrine

D  right of rebuttal

A  Department of Commerce

B  Public Broadcast System

C  Federal Communications Commission

D  Federal Bureau of Investigation

A  It did not play any role in the impeachment of President Trump.

B  It published the Pentagon Papers in the New York Times and Washington Post.

C  It posted government documents through WikiLeaks on Trump’s possible misconduct.

D  It exposed possible misconduct through a government whistle-blower.

A  “fake news.”

B  niche journalism.

C  yellow journalism.

D  adversarial journalism.

A  President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.

B  investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.

C  a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

D  a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.

A  Journalists investigated the Watergate affair but uncovered no wrongdoing on the part of President Nixon.

B  Relentless adversarial journalism revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation.

C  Journalists did not investigate the Watergate affair until after President Nixon resigned.

D  The journalistic reporting of the Watergate affair was filled with errors and led to government attempts to regulate the print media’s coverage.

A  framing.

B  agenda-setting.

C  sound bites.

D  adversarial journalism.

A  agenda setting power.

B  priming effects.

C  gatekeeping.

D  self-selection bias.

A  tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics.

B  fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.

C  process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

D  bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories.

A  indexing

B  priming

C  framing

D  agenda-setting

A  The process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

B  A model of reporting that involved adopting a stance of opposition and a combative style to expose perceived wrongdoing.

C  The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

D  The process by which news and information are filtered to the public by the media.

A  information literacy.

B  i-capacity.

C  e-ability.

D  search sophistication.

A  led to massive increases in the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

B  led to massive decreases in the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

C  had very little impact on the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

D  made political knowledge tests obsolete.

A  “fake news.”

B  yellow journalism.

C  nonprofit journalism.

D  adversarial journalism.

A  “fake news.”

B  adversarial journalism.

C  citizen journalism.

D  advocacy journalism.

A  discussions of politics and current events on social media occur within a network of friends and family.

B  social media platforms are always free to use.

C  social media platforms are often used for many different purposes, including completing homework assignments, paying bills, and researching job opportunities.

D  there are strong norms on social media platforms that discourage discussions of politics and current events.

A  the education dividend.

B  collegiate privilege.

C  the filter bubble.

D  the digital divide.

A  pro-sumers.

B  online natives.

C  digital citizens.

D  news aggregators.

A  elite newspapers of early America, which included newspapers run by important Founders, including Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin

B  cheap, tabloid style newspapers produced in the nineteenth century that expanded access to the news to less affluent readers

C  the ad-heavy news broadcasts of the major three television networks in the 1950s

D  online citizen journalists of the early 1990s and 2000s who were motivated by personal passion rather than money

A  radio

B  newspapers

C  television

D  the internet

A  strikes and boycotts by journalists and newspaper readers during the early 1900s.

B  state government regulations that made blatant instances of media bias illegal.

C  federal government regulations that made blatant instances of media bias illegal.

D  the newspaper industry’s reluctance to alienate readers with liberal or conservative political views.

A  increases the risk of government censorship.

B  violates the First Amendment to the Constitution.

C  limits the ability of all news organizations to remain profitable.

D  increases the risk that politicians and citizens who express less popular or minority viewpoints will have difficulty finding a public forum.

A  Most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites are owned and operated by the federal government.

B  A large number of small, privately owned corporations control most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.

C  Most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites are owned and operated by state governments.

D  A small number of giant, privately owned corporations control most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.

A  the Associated Press.

B  USA Today.

C  United Press International (UPI).

D  National Public Radio.

A  Limitations on public broadcasting. Clinton was an elected official who supported public broadcasting. To avoid a conflict of interest, public broadcasters were forced to limit coverage.

B  The profit motive of the news industry. Stories about Trump were much more likely to be consumed and thus attracted more advertising dollars.

C  Clinton’s celebrity status meant that most voters were already aware of her stances and biography, so there was less need to cover her.

D  A decline in ratings. The 2016 election was not seen as terribly contentious and the media simply focused its attention elsewhere.

A  charitable donations.

B  advertising.

C  government grants.

D  subscriptions.

A  the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

B  the National Broadcasting Network (NBC)

C  the National Public Radio (NPR)

D  the New York Times

A  they receive a number of subsidies paid for through tax revenue.

B  they could not do their job without cooperation from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

C  they are explicitly discussed in Article IV of the Constitution.

D  they provide a check on the power of government and political leaders.

A  excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.

B  including the personal views of reporters and editors in their coverage.

C  quoting only nongovernment sources in their coverage.

D  quoting only official government sources in their coverage.

A  all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.

B  all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.

C  all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

D  broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

A  television

B  the internet

C  newspapers

D  magazines

A  a private corporation, but it is not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval.

B  the government, but it is allowed to report whatever it wants.

C  a private corporation and is allowed to report whatever it wants.

D  the government and is not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval.

A  adversarial journalism.

B  yellow journalism.

C  corporate-driven journalism.

D  public broadcasting journalism.

A  Twitter

B  the New York Times

C  the Washington Post

D  WikiLeaks

A  whistle-blowers.

B  bell ringers.

C  watchdogs.

D  adversarial journalists.

A  a fundamental change in the nation’s libel laws.

B  President Richard Nixon’s resignation.

C  President Richard Nixon’s defeat in the 1972 election.

D  President Richard Nixon’s reelection.

A  less media coverage of the election overall

B  less support for the candidate from voters

C  no change in support for the candidate from voters

D  more support for the candidate from voters

A  “alarm mode”; “patrol mode”

B  “watchdog mode”; “horse race mode”

C  “patrol mode”; “alarm mode”

D  “horse race mode”; “watchdog mode”

A  framing.

B  agenda-setting.

C  the bandwagon effect.

D  canvassing.

A  Framing; agenda-setting

B  Agenda-setting; framing

C  Framing; priming

D  Priming; framing

A  search engines learn to cater to individual preferences and start to omit results that might challenge such preferences.

B  people intentionally expose themselves to perspectives that challenge what they already believe to be true about the political world.

C  news aggregation sites include content from a wide variety of sources and give no preference to American media organizations.

D  journalists choose to cover only those stories that are acceptable to advertisers.

A  false news stories circulated to generate ad revenue or to benefit one political candidate or party over another.

B  news stories that criticize only one political party or candidate.

C  news stories that reference anonymous sources.

D  news stories that are published on blogs or social media platforms.

A  exaggerate partisan polarization among the mass public because people pick their own friend networks and can avoid disagreeable ideas.

B  minimize partisan polarization among members of the mass public because people are exposed to new ideas and sources of information.

C  influence the opinions of older Americans only because younger Americans are more skeptical of the information found on social media.

D  have very little impact on politics because most people already have strong political opinions that cannot be shaped by news events.

A  the depth of the information available online

B  the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets

C  the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online

D  the convenience of getting news online

A  the penny press.

B  news aggregators.

C  nonprofit journalism.

D  niche journalism.

A  radio

B  television

C  the internet

D  newspapers

A  the federal government’s decision to end the Fairness Doctrine in 1968.

B  government regulations enacted in the 1970s that required small media companies to sell their holdings to larger corporations.

C  the Supreme Court’s decision in Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC.

D  the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980s and 1990s.

A  NPR

B  ESPN

C  the New York Times

D  Disney

A  Coverage of Trump increased ratings, and higher ratings led to increased advertising revenue.

B  Public broadcasters refused to cover Trump, leaving the field open to CNN.

C  CNN took on an explicitly pro-Trump message, encouraging viewers to vote for him, and therefore winning more favor from his campaign.

D  Other news outlets did not cover Trump due to conflicts of interest. Trump’s TV shows had run on other networks except CNN.

A  a sex scandal involving a high-ranking government official

B  an attack advertisement from a presidential candidate that accuses her opponent of racially insensitive remarks

C  an economics professor providing testimony to a congressional committee on the effect of tariffs

D  a celebrity wedding

A  accounts for a much smaller share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

B  accounts for a much larger share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

C  accounts for roughly the same share of the media market as in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

D  is illegal under the First Amendment to the Constitution.

A  receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

B  makes its content available to the public at no cost.

C  reports extensively on government officials and political issues.

D  sells subscriptions to members of the public.

A  The Federal Communications Commission requires that all journalists sign a “pledge of objectivity” before being employed at a media company.

B  Given that completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists do not attempt to be objective and report only one side of a story.

C  Journalists are trained to be objective in their reporting, so their personal biases rarely matter and their coverage of events almost always succeeds in objectively presenting both sides of a story.

D  Although completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists attempt to be objective by reporting both sides of a story.

A  watchdog.

B  first estate.

C  first branch.

D  judge and jury.