Midterm Exam 2

A  The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.

B  Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

C  The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

D  Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.

A  functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

B  use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

C  study of populations in their natural environments.

D  replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

A  Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

B  Eocene primates had opposable digits.

C  Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

D  Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

A  Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

B  North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

C  African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

D  Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

A  Parapithecus.

B  Apidium.

C  Aegyptopithecus.

D  Oligopithecus.

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  extinction of many primate species.

C  development of Dryopithecus.

D  spread of Sivapithecus.

A  3.4; 2.5

B  4.6; 3.5

C  12; 3.6

D  7; 5.2

A  archaeology.

B  taphonomy.

C  cryptozoology.

D  forensic biology.

A  radiopotassium dating

B  amino acid dating

C  electron spin resonance dating

D  radiocarbon dating

A  dendrochronology.

B  radiocarbon dating.

C  radiopotassium dating.

D  flourine dating.

A  fossilization

B  paleontology

C  taphonomy

D  geology

A  fission-track dating

B  amino acid dating

C  cultural dating

D  tree ring dating

A  the polygamous social structure in gibbons

B  unequal access to resources within their environment

C  the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

D  decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

A  conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

B  bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

C  forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

D  identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

A  Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

B  Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

C  Females often practice infanticide.

D  Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

A  natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

B  the competition for resources to access females.

C  the physical competition for access to females.

D  selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

A  one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

B  one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

C  several adult males and no adult females.

D  one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

A  the development of alliances between males

B  bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

C  bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

D  the development of alliances between females

A  red colobus monkeys.

B  bushbucks.

C  baboons.

D  bushpigs.

A  2/2/2/3

B  2/2/3/3

C  2/1/3/3

D  2/1/2/3

A  tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

B  African and Asian apes only

C  lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

D  monkeys and apes, including humans

A  all of the African primates

B  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C  all of the New World primates

D  all of the primates of Madagascar

A  opposable thumbs.

B  short digits.

C  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D  a precision grip.

A  a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

B  a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

C  a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

D  a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs