Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
B When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
C Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.
D Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.
E Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
Question #2
A None of these would occur.
B They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
C They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
D They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
E They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
Question #3
A Glomerulus
B Ascending loop of Henle
C Distal convoluted tubule
D Collecting duct
E Proximal convoluted tubule
Question #4
A Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
B Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
C Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
E “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
Question #5
A Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
B Lung volume decreases.
C Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
D Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
E The diaphragm relaxes.
Question #6
A When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
B By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
C It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
D It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
E By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
Question #7
A The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
B The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
C The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #8
A Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
B It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
C It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
D It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
E It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
Question #9
A Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.
B Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.
C Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.
D Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.
E Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.
Question #10
A In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
B In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
C In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
D In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
E In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
Question #11
A The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B Stretch receptors in the lung
C The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
D The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
Question #12
A respiratory alkalosis.
B metabolic acidosis.
C metabolic alkalosis.
D respiratory acidosis.
Question #13
A As dissolved CO2
B As dissolved HCO3-
C As H2CO3
D Bound to hemoglobin
E As carbonic anhydrase
Question #14
A the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
B the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
C the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
D the increase in plasma H+.
Question #15
A The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B The glomerular capillaries
C The juxtaglomerular apparatus
D The proximal tubule
E The efferent arteriole
Question #16
A High volume of dilute urine
B Very concentrated urine
C The excretion of glucose in the urine increased
D An increase in blood pressure
E A reduction in urine volume
Question #17
A Emphysema
B Pneumothorax
C Inhalation/inspiration
D A collapsed lung
E Exhalation/expiration
Question #18
A Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
B Inflammation of the bronchioles
C Loss of alveoli
D Lack of pulmonary surfactant
E Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
Question #19
A At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
B At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
C The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
D As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
E More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
Question #20
A The descending limb of the loop of Henle
B The proximal tubule
C The collecting ducts
D The distal convoluted tubule
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #21
A Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
B By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
C By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
E By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
Question #22
A A β2-adrenergic antagonist
B A muscarinic agonist
C Histamine
D A β2-adrenergic agonist
E Pulmonary surfactant
Question #23
A Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
B The presence of carbon monoxide
C Increased pH of the blood
D Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
E Increased temperature of the blood
Question #24
A reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
B filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
C filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
D reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
E secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
Question #25
A Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
B Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
C Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
E Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
Question #26
A Converted to HCO3-
B Bound to myoglobin
C Dissolved in the plasma
D Bound to hemoglobin
E Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
Question #27
A No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
B Alveolar PO2 decreases.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #28
A No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.
B pH will increase.
C pH will decrease.
D It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.
Question #29
A Bicarbonate ion
B Plasma protein
C Urea
D Glucose
E Sodium
Question #30
A Macula densa
B Proximal tubule
C Distal convoluted tubule
D Descending limb of the loop of Henle
E
F Cortical collecting duct
Question #31
A Vasa recta
B
C Efferent arterioles
D Collecting ducts
E Afferent arterioles
F Cortical peritubular capillaries
Question #32
A Na+
B Glucose
C HPO42-
D Water
E K+
Question #33
A Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
B Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
C Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
D The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
E Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
Question #34
A Lining the pleural space
B Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
C Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
D Secretion of mucus
E Production of surfactant
Question #35
A Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
D Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #36
A Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
B Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
C Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
D Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
E Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
Question #37
A Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
B Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
C Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
D Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
E Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
Question #38
A H+
B K+
C Ca2+
D Glucose
E HPO42-
Question #39
A Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
B Increasing excretion of CO2
C Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
D Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
E Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
Question #40
A The glomerulus
B The proximal convoluted tubule
C The loop of Henle
D The collecting duct
E The distal convoluted tubule
Question #41
A It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
B It is lower than alveolar pressure.
C It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
D During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
E It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
Question #42
A decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
B increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
C decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
D increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
E decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
Question #43
A H2O and O2
B H2O and CO2
C H+ and HCO3-
D CO2 and O2
E H2O and CO
Question #44
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
Question #45
A renal vein; peritubular capillaries
B efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
C efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
D efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
E afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
Question #46
A The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
B The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
C All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
D The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
E The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
Question #47
A Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
B When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
C Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
E The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
Question #48
A A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
B A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
C A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
D A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
E A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
Question #49
A Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
B The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
C Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
D The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
E The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
Question #50
A Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
B The atria of the heart
C Kidneys
D Liver
E Adrenal glands