Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  85%

B  75%

C  90%

D  65%

E  95%

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Nemataths

B  Transform fault

C  Guyots

D  Fracture zone

E  Seaknolls

A  Fracture zone

B  Guyots

C  Nemataths

D  Transform fault

E  Seaknolls

A  Rift valley

B  Black smoker

C  Deep focus earthquake

D  Hydrothermal vent

E  White smoker

A  Trenches

B  Metal sulfide deposits

C  Pillow basalts

D  Seamounts

E  Rift valley

A  Oceanic rise

B  Abyssal hill

C  Oceanic ridge

D  Rift valley

E  Seafloor spreading

A  parallel to the rift valley.

B  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C  associated with hydrothermal vents.

D  located in submarine canyons.

A  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

B  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

C  associated with turbidity currents.

D  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

E  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A  black smokers.

B  white smokers.

C  turbidity currents.

D  cold seeps.

E  abyssal hills.

A  fracture zones.

B  oceanic rises.

C  transform faults.

D  convergent plate boundaries.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  hydrothermal vents.

C  fracture zones.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  transform faults.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The long and flat part below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The long and flat part below sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  volcanic

B  sedimentary

C  collisional

D  erosional

E  metamorphic

A  Suspension settling

B  Melting icebergs

C  Precipitation

D  Turbidity currents

E  Undersea streams

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  divergent plate boundaries

B  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C  convergent and transform plate boundaries

D  transform plate boundaries

E  convergent plate boundaries

A  hotspot

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  deep sea trench

D  island arc

E  transform fault

A  transform fault

B  hotspot

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  deep sea trench

E  island arc

A  1 mile

B  4 miles

C  2 miles

D  3 miles

E  5 miles

A  granitic

B  basaltic

C  rhyolitic

D  andesitic

A  44%

B  23%

C  29%

D  33%

E  39%

A  46,000

B  55,000

C  50,000

D  60,000

E  40,000

A  85

B  60

C  65

D  50

E  75

A  Nitrogen

B  Hydrogen sulfate

C  Hydrogen sulfide

D  Oxygen

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Dead Sea Fault

B  Alpine Fault

C  Mendocino Fracture

D  San Andreas Fault

A  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

B  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

C  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  seismic fissure

B  transform fault

C  fracture zone

D  hydrothermal vent

E  central rift valley

A  volcanic in origin

B  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  parts of volcanic island arcs

A  3000-4000 m below sea level

B  1000-2000 m above sea level

C  5000-6000 m below sea level

D  4000-5000 m below sea level

E  0-1000 m above sea level

A  Black smoker

B  Geothermal heat pump

C  White smoker

D  Warm-water vents

E  Hot springs

A  Volcanic arc

B  Submarine canyon

C  Oceanic rise

D  Rift valley

E  Trench

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

C  Volcanoes and trench

D  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A  Eurasian and North American

B  African and Indian

C  Arabian and African

D  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

E  Nazca and South American

A  New Zealand

B  The Alps

C  near Egypt

D  Alaska

E  California

A  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

D  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Juan De Fuca

B  Mendocino

C  Hawaii

D  Alpine Fault

E  San Andreas Fault

A  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

B  along the fracture zones

C  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

D  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

E  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

C  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

B  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

C  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

D  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

B  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  Submarine canyons

B  turbidity currents

C  Ring of Fire.

D  mid-ocean ridges.

A  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

C  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

A  Ring of Fire

B  continental volcanic arcs

C  Submarine canyons

D  mid-ocean ridges

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  At transform plate boundaries

B  At divergent plate boundaries

C  At submarine canyons

D  At convergent plate boundaries

E  At the intraplate abyssal plains

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  < 5,000

B  15,000 to 20,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  10,000 to 15,000

E  > 20,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Black smokers

C  Undersea streams

D  Suspension settling

E  Precipitation

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  island

B  abyssal hill

C  guyot

D  seaknoll

E  nematath

A  nemataths

B  seamounts

C  islands

D  guyots

E  seaknolls

A  seamounts

B  islands

C  seaknolls

D  guyots

E  nemataths

A  guyots

B  seamounts

C  nemataths

D  seaknolls

E  islands

A  metamorphic

B  volcanic

C  seismic

D  sedimentary

E  erosional

A  seismic

B  volcanic

C  metamorphic

D  sedimentary

E  erosional

A  Continental arc

B  Ocean trench

C  Island arc

D  Volcanic arc

E  Passive margin

A  Tablemount

B  Submarine canyon

C  Abyssal hill

D  Abyssal plain

E  Seamount

A  fracture zones.

B  hydrothermal vents.

C  deep-sea trenches.

D  spreading centers.

E  mid-ocean ridges.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C  tablemounts.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  seamounts.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  seamounts.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  submarine canyons.

C  seamounts.

D  tablemounts.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  the presence of convergent active margins.

B  the presence of seamounts.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  the absence of convergent active margins.

E  All of the answers are correct.

A  continental slopes.

B  tablemounts.

C  continental shelves.

D  abyssal hills.

E  abyssal plains.

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  island arc

C  transform fault

D  hotspot

E  rift valley

A  rift valley

B  transform fault

C  hotspot

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  island arc

A  Indian Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-half

C  one-third

D  one-fifth

A  Abyssal plain

B  Rise

C  Shelf

D  Slope

A  Seaknobs

B  Seahills

C  Seaknolls

D  Seamounds

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  Abyssal hill

B  Seamount

C  Tablemount

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  Peru-Chile

B  Kuril

C  Middle America

D  Aleutian

E  Mariana

A  Middle America

B  Kuril

C  Mariana

D  Peru-Chile

E  Aleutian

A  Indian

B  Arctic

C  Southern

D  Pacific

E  Atlantic

A  abyssal plains

B  the continental shelf

C  shallow islands in tropical seas

D  the continental slope and rise

E  submarine fans

A  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

B  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

C  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

E  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

A  abyssal plain

B  continental rise

C  continental shelf

D  continental borderland

E  continental slope

A  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

C  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

E  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A  Nonconformities

B  Turbidity Currents

C  Suspension Deposits

D  Graded Bedding

E  Sandstone Layering

A  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

B  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

C  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

D  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

E  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

A  Continental slope

B  Shoreline

C  Continental shelf

D  Abyssal plain

E  Continental rise

A  Shoreline

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Continental shelf

E  Abyssal plain

A  An Olympic toboggan track

B  The continental slope

C  A beginners ski hill

D  A large parking lot

E  A soap box derby course

A  one to two degrees

B  one-half to one degree

C  greater than five degrees

D  two to five degrees

E  a tenth of a degree

A  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

B  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

E  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

A  East Coast of Japan

B  Southern Coast of Alaska

C  West Coast of Mexico

D  East Coast of the United States

E  West Coast of Chile

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Continental rise

E  Continental flood basalt

A  Deep-sea fans

B  Graded bedding

C  Abyssal plains

D  Turbidity currents

E  Turbidite deposits

A  Abyssal hill

B  Shelf break

C  Continental rise

D  Continental slope

E  Continental shelf

A  Transform active margin

B  Convergent active margin

C  Active margin

D  Rift valley

E  Continental margin

A  erosion by major rivers in the past.

B  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

C  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

D  erosion by turbidity currents.

E  earthquake activity.

A  turbidity currents.

B  graded bedding.

C  turbidite deposits.

D  deep sea fans.

E  white smokers.

A  trench.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  continental rise.

D  abyssal plain.

E  continental slope.

A  Submarine canyon

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental rise

D  Continental slope

E  Fracture zone

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Volcanic and earthquake activity

C  Thin sediment accumulation

D  Chains of islands

E  Broad continental shelves

A  Sparse earthquake activity

B  Shallow coastal waters

C  Deep-sea trenches

D  Broad continental shelves

E  No sediment accumulation

A  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

B  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

D  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

E  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

A  Continental margins

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Oceanic-continental convergent

B  Continental-continental convergent

C  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A  Convergent

B  Transform

C  Divergent

A  Rhyolite

B  Peridotite

C  Basalt

D  Granite

A  60

B  20

C  40

D  80

E  100

A  20

B  15

C  5

D  10

E  25

A  L

B  U

C  V

D  Y

E  T

A  downward

B  no change

C  upward

D  sideways

A  Tablemountas

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Continental shelf

E  Abyssal plains

A  Chilean

B  Cascades

C  Andes

D  Himalayan

A  Rise

B  Shelf

C  Abyssal plain

D  Slope

A  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

C  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

D  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

E  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

A  lacking a continental rise

B  far from an oceanic ridge

C  a continental borderland

D  seismically active

E  near an offshore fault

A  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

C  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

D  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

C  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

D  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

A  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

A  abyssal plain

B  continental shelf

C  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

D  delta

E  deep-sea fans

A  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

B  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

C  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

D  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

E  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

A  ridge and continental rise

B  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

C  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

D  narrow continental shelf and trench

A  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

E  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

A  Canada

B  Iceland

C  France

D  United States

E  Ireland

A  graded bedding

B  rip current

C  grand layering

D  layered stratum

E  velocity profile

A  slosh speed

B  settling velocity

C  wave size

D  shaking speed

E  density stratification

A  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

B  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

C  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

A  suspended sediment

B  brown algae

C  microscopic floating marine life

D  water currents

E  air bubbles

A  a balloon

B  Silly Putty

C  a large jar filled with water and sediment

D  a can of soda

E  a candle

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

C  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  infrequently

B  very frequently

C  somewhat frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.93 s.

B  It would take 2.15 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 0.23 s.

E  It would take 700 s.

A  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

B  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

C  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

D  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

E  The ocean depth is 6 m.

A  tablemount and basin

B  basin and trench

C  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

D  tablemount and deep-sea fan

A  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

B  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

C  trench and basin

D  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  biological productivity and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

A  height of the sea surface

B  location of faults on the ocean floor

C  seafloor age

D  depth of seafloor sediments

E  depth to the ocean floor

A  Side-scan Sonar

B  Magnetometer

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Sounding

A  Mile

B  Foot

C  Fathom

D  League

E  Meter

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Magnetometer

C  Side-scan Sonar

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Sounding

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  centimeters

B  kilometers

C  millimeters

D  decimeters

E  meters

A  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

B  GLORIA

C  SeaBeam

D  Global positioning system (GPS)

E  Sea MARC

A  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

C  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

E  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

A  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B  they are affected by surface weather

C  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

D  they are inexpensive to build and launch

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

B  direct observation.

C  satellite observation.

D  drilling.

E  light waves.

A  Odyssey

B  HMS Challenger

C  Comet

D  Meteor

A  6

B  7

C  4

D  5

E  3

A  Mediterranean Sea

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Red Sea

D  Pacific Ocean

A  Odyssey

B  Comet

C  Meteor

D  Challenger

A  1950s

B  1960s

C  1970s

D  1980s

A  5,000 feet per second

B  4,925 feet per second

C  4,945 feet per second

D  4,970 feet per second

A  temperature and pressure

B  pressure and salinity

C  salinity, temperature and pressure

D  salinity

A  Beep

B  Ping

C  Echo

D  Chirp

A  Geosat

B  Jason-2

C  TOPEX

D  CryoSat-2

E  Jason-1

A  Seabeam

B  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

C  SeaMARC

D  GLORIA

E  SeaWiFS

A  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

B  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

C  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

A  plate tectonic processes

B  biological activity

C  extreme pressure at depth

D  ocean currents

E  erosion and weathering

A  11,100 meters

B  7400 meters

C  3000 meters

D  5550 meters

E  4550 meters

A  bathymetry

B  hydrology

C  cartography

D  navigation

E  tomography

A  Precision depth recorder

B  Side-scan sonar

C  Seismic reflection

D  Multibeam echo sounder

E  Satellite altimetry

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  transform fault on land and tablemount

B  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C  seamount and transform fault on land

A  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A  less expensive and more detailed

B  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more accurate

A  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

B  1507 meters (4944 feet)

C  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

D  5 meters (16.4 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of ocean currents

B  the study of the depth of the ocean

C  the study of ocean productivity

D  the study of marine mammals

E  the study of the temperature of the ocean

A  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

C  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

D  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

E  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

A  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

D  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

E  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

A  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

B  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

C  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Echo sounder

B  Satellites

C  Radar

D  Lidar

E  Aerial photography

A  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

B  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

C  The creation of NASA

D  The sinking of the Titanic

E  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

C  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

D  navigation to determine the position of the ship

E  DNA analysis of marine organisms

A  research vessel

B  recumbent vehicle

C  rocking vehicle

D  rolling violently

E  repair vessel