Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A pyramidal

B reticulospinal

C spinocerebellar

D corticospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A PET

B Ultrasound

C X-ray

D CT

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B theta waves.

C alpha waves.

D delta waves.

E beta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 1 & 2

B 1 only

C Both 2 & 3

D 2 only

E 3 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A All of these choices

B Arachnoid mater

C Cerebrospinal fluid

D Blood brain barrier

E Dura mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A autonomic ganglia

B lateral olivary nuclei

C vestibular nuclei

D basal nuclei

E red nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Interventricular foramina

B Choroid plexuses

C Aqueduct of the midbrain

D Lateral apertures

E Brachial plexuses

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Purkinje

B Uniaxial

C Astrocytes

D Unipolar

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A posterior gray horn.

B dorsal root ganglion.

C central canal.

D lateral gray horn.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B theta waves.

C alpha waves.

D delta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A limbic system

B dura mater

C arachnoid membrane

D cerebral ganglia

E choroid plexus

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A choroid plexus

B 3rd ventricle

C lateral ventricles

D arachnoid granulations

E subarachnoid space

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Mesencephalon

B Rhombencephelon

C Myelencephalon

D Diencephalon

E Telencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Mammillothalamic tracts

B Stria medullaris

C Association tracts

D Commissural tracts

E Projection tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Commissural tracts

B Association tracts

C Projection tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Sulci

B Projection tracts

C Pyramids

D Corpus callosum

E Association tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Anterior ramus

B Brachial plexus

C Meningeal branch

D Posterior ramus

E Rami communicantes

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Medulla Oblongata

B Corpus Callosum

C Pons

D Cerebellum

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A IPSPs

B Summation

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D Long Term Potentiation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon

B Dendrites

C Axon Terminal

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A excite a presynaptic potential

B continue a temporal summation

C remove a neurotransmitter

D inhibit a presynaptic potential

E stop a spatial summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

C runs out of neurotransmitter.

D recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B All of these choices are correct.

C includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

D exhibits a membrane potential.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Dopamine

B Epinephrine

C Norepinephrine

D Serotonin

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B nodes of Ranvier

C Schwann cells

D axon

E dendrite

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A neutrons

B ions

C electrons

D protons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B All of these choices

C Absolute refractory period

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Tight junctions

B Anchoring junctions

C Gap junctions

D Desmosomes

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A axon

B schwann cells

C nodes of Ranvier

D dendrite

E choroid plexus

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Sensory function

C Integrative function

D Motor function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B does not affect the polarity of

C hyperpolarizes

D repolarizes

E moves across channels in

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A none of these choices

B inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

C inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D inhibitory presynaptic potential.

E inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Fe2+

B Na+

C Cl-

D Ca2+

E K¬+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B Firing of a second action potential

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Release of neurotransmitter

E Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuroplasm.

B at the trigger zone.

C in the dendrites.

D in the neuron nucleus

E in the synaptic cleft.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ into the cell

B K+ out of the cell

C K+ into the cell

D Na+ out of the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A none of these choices occur.

B ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

D voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Receptor potential

B Resting membrane potential

C Electrical refractory period

D Threshold potential

E Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A water-filled channels in its membrane

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C IPSPs

D EPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B Enzymatic degradation only

C Reuptake at axon terminal only

D Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

B EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A +5 to 100 mV

B –25 to –70 mV

C –90 to 5 mV

D None of these choices

E –40 to –90 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B The sodium ions are negatively charged

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased temperature

B Lower amplitude of action potential

C More myelin sheathing

D Decreased stimulus strength

E Increased diameter of axon

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A chemical synapses

B voltage-gated channels

C ligand-gated channels

D electrical synapses

E mechanically-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A choroid plexus

B cerebral ganglia

C limbic system

D arachnoid membrane

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Smooth

C Cardiac

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A All of these Answer choices are correct.

B usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

C is used to form glands.

D is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Sweat

C Breastmilk

D Saliva

E Hormones

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Muscle

B Connective

C Epithelial

D Nervous

E Adipose

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Nervous

B Epithelial

C Muscle

D Connective

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple cuboidal epithelium

B Simple squamous epithelium

C Simple columnar epithelium

D Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Blood

B Tendons

C Cartilage

D Bone

E Epidermis

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A lymph.

B albumin.

C red blood cells.

D white blood cells.

E plasma.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

B Simple squamous

C Stratified squamous

D Stratified columnar

E Simple cuboidal

F Transitional

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neurons and somites.

D neuroglial cells and myofibers.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Esophagus

C Mouth lining

D Blood-brain barrier

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A transcription

B Deamination

C Emancipation

D Phosphorylation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The addition of protons

C The addition of electrons

D None of these choices

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Electron transport chain

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A cell division

B contraction

C active transport

D osmosis

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A nucleolus

B endoplasmic reticulum

C cytoplasm

D mitochondria

E golgi complex

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C generation of ATP

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A All of these are electron acceptors

B NADH and FADH2

C NADH

D FADH2

E H+

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Protein synthesis

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport system

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Oxygen

B Carbon dioxide

C Magic

D Glucose

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B The Krebs cycle

C Electron transport system

D Formation of acetyl-CoA

E Protein synthesis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Gluconeogenesis

B Oxidation

C Decarboxylation

D Glycogenolysis

E Carbonification

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Erythropoetic

B Exergonic

C Endergonic

D Ergonomic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

B formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C production of carbon dioxide

D generation of ATP

E production of reduced coenzymes

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Krebs cycle

B Glycolysis

C Electron transport chain

D Transition reaction

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