Exam 2

A  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

B  Metabolic acidosis

C  Decreased heart rate

D  Decreased airway dilation

E  Dehydration

A  Increased glycogenesis

B  Increased lipolysis

C  Increased breakdown of proteins

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Steroids

B  Nitric oxide

C  Peptide hormones

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Amine hormones

A  Somatostatin

B  Glucagon

C  Thyroid hormones

D  Insulin

E  Calcitonin

A  synergistic effect.

B  permissive effect.

C  local effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  circulating effect.

A  Produces electrolytes

B  Regulates metabolism

C  Controls growth and development

D  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

A  12

B  7

C  unlimited

D  10

E  5

A  circulating hormone.

B  autocrine.

C  local hormone.

D  paracrine.

A  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

B  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

C  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

D  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

E  ADH promotes water loss.

A  Prolactin and ACTH

B  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

C  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

D  Prolactin and growth hormone

E  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Luteinizing hormone

C  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

D  Thyrotropin

E  Prolactin

A  Insulin-like growth factors

B  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Leutinizing hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Muscle contraction

B  The peripheral nervous system

C  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

D  Action potentials from the thalamus

E  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A  Glucose formation

B  Depression of immune responses

C  Increased production of all types of blood cells

D  Reduction of inflammation

E  Protein and fat breakdown

A  Calcium

B  Manganese

C  Chloride

D  Sodium

E  Potassium

A  Lactotrophs

B  Gonadotrophs

C  Corticotrophs

D  Thyrotrophs

E  Somatotrophs

A  Thyrotropin

B  Prolactin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Growth hormone

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Coupling of T1 and T2

C  Synthesis of calcitonin

D  Iodination of tyrosine

E  Iodide trapping

A  Chemical changes in the blood

B  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

C  Signals from the nervous system

D  Releasing hormones.

E  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

A  Glycogenolysis

B  Epinephrine release

C  Gluconeogenesis

D  Calcitonin downregulation

E  Glycogenesis

A  Messenger RNA

B  Calcium

C  Plasma proteins

D  Chromatin

E  Cyclic AMP

A  Sympathetic

B  Parasympathetic

C  Sensory

D  Central

E  Somatic

A  Receptor recognition

B  Paracrine regulation

C  Sensory adaptation

D  Up-regulation

E  Down-regulation

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Depression of immune responses

C  Increased production of all types of blood cells

D  Glucose formation

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Calcitonin

B  All of these options are prime examples

C  Human growth hormone

D  Testosterone

E  Oxytocin

A  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

B  Olfactory receptors

C  Gustatory receptors

D  Photoreceptors

E  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

A  include steroids and thyroid hormone

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  All of these are correct answers

D  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Thyroid stimulating hormone

C  Corticotropin releasing hormone

D  Follicle stimulating hormone

E  Growth hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Glucagon

C  Insulin

D  Calcitonin

E  Thyroid hormone

A  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

B  is only seen in humans.

C  provides more accurate color vision.

D  is all of these choices

E  gives better depth perception.

A  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  throughout the nasal cavity.

E  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

A  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

B  occurs slowly.

C  enhances gustation.

D  does not occur.

E  occurs rapidly.

A  pain.

B  itch.

C  tickle.

D  temperature.

E  pressure.

A  to sense muscle fatigue.

B  to sense referred pain.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense changes in muscle length.

A  pain.

B  body temperature.

C  color vision.

D  visual acuity.

E  body position.

A  Slow pain

B  Fast pain

C  Referred pain

D  Visceral pain

E  Sympathetic pain

A  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

B  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

E  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

C  receives information from the taste buds.

D  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  perception.

B  modality

C  selectivity.

D  adaptation.

E  transduction.

A  chemoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  osmoreceptor

E  thermoreceptor

A  maculae of the vestibule

B  semicircular canals

C  cochlea

D  organ of Corti

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  None of the answers selections are correct

B  Proprioceptors

C  Interoceptors

D  Exteroreceptors

E  Nociceptors

A  thermoreceptors.

B  nociceptors.

C  proprioceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  cochlea

B  organ of Corti

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  pinna

E  tympanic membrane

A  Hundreds

B  Thousands

C  One

D  None

E  Dozens

A  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

B  All of the options listed are correct

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

D  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

E  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

A  Spinal cord

B  Midbrain

C  Thalamus

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Medulla oblongata

A  All of the options are correct

B  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Is called transduction

A  Implementation of a motor response

B  Sensory Reception

C  Stimulus transduction

D  Integration of sensory input

E  Generation of nerve impulse

A  Baroreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Thermoreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Acids

B  Alkaloids

C  Sugars

D  Bases

E  Salts

A  Medulla oblongata

B  Spinal cord

C  Thalamus

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Midbrain

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Bitter

B  Umami

C  Sweet

D  Salt

E  Sour

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Spinothalamic

A  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

B  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

C  Photoreceptor – light

D  Nociceptor – solute concentration

E  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

C  somatostatin and nicotine.

D  nicotine and adrenaline.

E  muscarine and acetylcholine.

A  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Somatosensory neurons.

C  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

E  Somatic motor neurons

A  rami communicantes

B  dorsal rami

C  superior sacral ganglion

D  ventral rami

A  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

C  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Somatic motorneurons

A  Has myelinated axons.

B  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

C  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

C  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

D  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Thoracolumbar output

B  Ganglia primarily found in the head

C  Stimulates sweat glands

D  Short preganglionic neurons

A  Somatic nervous system

B  Parasympathetic

C  Craniosacral division

D  Sympathetic

E  Autonomic ganglia

A  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

B  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

D  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

A  Long preganglionic neurons

B  Sacral spinal cord output

C  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

D  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

A  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

C  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

D  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

E  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

A  Airway constriction

B  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

C  Increased blood glucose level

D  Increased heart rate

E  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

A  Elevated heart rate

B  Pupil dilation

C  Elevated blood pressure

D  High levels of cortisol

E  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

C  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A  Coordination

B  Balance

C  Emotion

D  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

E  Posture

A  Both sensation and voluntary movement

B  Intelligence

C  Sensation

D  Voluntary movement

E  Blood

A  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

D  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

E  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Exocrine glands

C  Endocrine glands

D  Smooth muscle

E  Cardiac muscle

A  decreasing activity in the effector

B  increasing activity in the effector

C  All of these options are correct

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Motor neuron

B  Integration center

C  Sensory receptor

D  Effector

E  Sensory neuron

A  Withdrawal

B  Visceral

C  Blinking

D  Stretch

E  Flexor

A  Persists for a long time

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Poorly localized