Final Exam

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Question #1

Criterion for causation, stating that if a relationship is causal, we would be more likely to expect to find it repeatedly in different studies and in different populations is called specificity.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #2

Criterion for causation, stating that if a relationship is causal an exposure of interest should precede a disease of interest is called temporality. (choose one best answer):

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #3

The primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that a research study generates the highest amount of profit possible. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #4

Undue influence in a research study occurs when an offer of an excessive or inappropriate reward or other gesture is offered to obtain consent and compliance. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #5

Confounding is one of the most important problems to consider and to account for when interpreting an observed association between an exposure and a disease. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #6

In a study on the association between consuming greasy food and acne, people without acne may be more likely to forget/misremember their exposure to greasy foods than those with acne. The potential distortion in results this may lead to can be identified as a form of recall bias. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #7

In observational studies one of the main biases that may affect the results of a study is confounding.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #8

The most important criteria to assess causation is … (choose one best answer):

A the strength of the association between exposure factor and disease

B the biological plausibility of the association between exposure factor and disease

C the temporal relationship between exposure factor and disease

D the dose-response relationship between exposure factor and disease

Question #9

Four thousand persons were interviewed by telephone in California between January and June, 2008. In this single-contact study, persons were asked about their height, weight and systolic blood pressure. The researchers combined the height and weight to form the body mass index (i.e., BMI) and found that the BMI was positively associated with systolic hypertension. This study is an example of a… (choose one best answer)

A retrospective cohort study .

B prospective cohort study.

C cross-sectional study.

D case-control study.

Question #10

One of disadvantages of using hospital-based controls is … (choose one best answer):

A often are not representative of a general population in terms of exposure status

B difficult to find

C hard to recruit

D less cooperative

Question #11

The most important step in case-control studies is … (choose one best answer)

A selection of unexposed

B selection of exposed

C selection of controls

D selection of cases

Question #12

Odds ratio is a good estimate of relative risk (or risk ratio) under rare disease assumption. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #13

The National Death Registry identifies deaths anywhere in the United States if linking information is known, such as sex, race, date of birth, and social security number. All of these variables were collected by UCLA from students in the class of 1953 at the time they were enrolled. Fifty years later, their UCLA grades were used to compare mortality rates among the upper fourth versus the lower fourth of the graduating class. This study is an example of a… (choose one best answer)

A cross-sectional study.

B case-control study.

C prospective (or concurrent) cohort study.

D retrospective (or historical or non-concurrent) cohort study.

Question #14

Which of the following is not an advantage of a prospective cohort study?

A Many disease outcomes can be studied simultaneously

B Incidence rates can be calculated

C Many exposures can be studied simultaneously

D Precise measurement of exposure is possible

E Recall bias is minimized compared with a case-control study

Question #15

In a cohort study incidence in exposed and unexposed groups can be calculated and compared. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #16

The use of a placebo in a randomized clinical trial is a form of… (choose one best answer)

A planned crossover

B unplanned crossover

C factorial noncompliance

D masking exposure assignment

Question #17

A clinical trial was done of obesity reduction by liposuction versus prescription-only diet pills (i.e., medical). Following randomization, 23% of the liposuction group changed their mind and asked their doctors for diet pills and 28% of the diet pill group changed their mind and asked for liposuction This is an example of: (choose the one best answer)

A stratified randomization

B unplanned crossover

C unmasking (i.e., unblinding)

D factorial noncompliance

Question #18

Power of the study is … (choose one best answer).

A called a Type II error

B equal to 1 – β

C called a Type I error

D None of the present choices

E called a p-value

Question #19

Sequential testing results in an increased of net specificity and loss in net sensitivity. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #20

Using a test of given sensitivity and specificity, the positive predictive value of the test typically increases as disease prevalence decreases. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #21

In a screening test for a cancer, out of 150 people tested, 20 tested positive but actually did not have disease. These 20 people could be referred to as … (choose one best answer):

A True negatives

B True positives

C False negatives

D False positives

Question #22

Case-fatality (stated as a percent) is… (choose the one best answer)

A a measure of the mortality rate of a disease

B a measure of the severity of a disease

C a measure of the incidence rate of a disease

D a measure of the risk of a disease

E a measure of the duration of a disease

Question #23

A disease that is habitually present in a population/community is defined as … (choose one best answer):

A Endemic disease

B Epidemic disease

C Panzootic disease

D Epizootic disease

E Pandemic disease

Question #24

Dengue fever is a disease caused by a virus that spreads to people mostly from the bites of a special type of mosquito, Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). Such transmission is an example of (choose one best answer):

A direct transmission by person-to-person contact

B direct transmission by common vehicle

C indirect transmission by vector

D indirect transmission by common vehicle

Question #25

Tertiary prevention denotes the early detection of a disease to reduce its severity and complications. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #26

Cervical cancer screening (PAP smear) is an example of secondary prevention: (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #27

In present time the three most common causes of death in the U.S. are … (choose one best answer)

A heart diseases, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases

B diabetes, stroke, and suicide

C unintentional injuries, liver disease, and cancer.

D pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea and enteritis.

Question #28

Edward Jenner was able to find a vaccination against smallpox because (choose one best answer):

A he observed that dairy maids who developed cowpox did not develop smallpox during outbreaks.

B he randomly allocated dairy maids to “exposed” and “unexposed” smallpox groups.

C his work with cowpox and cholera resulted in his being labeled the “father of variolation.”

D he understood the ethics of vaccination trials and the importance of informed consent.

Question #29

John Snow’s conclusions that contaminated water was associated with cholera was based entirely on… (choose one best answer)

A observational data.

B his understanding of Jenner’s work with a cholera vaccine.

C the support of Registrar General William Farr for his hypothesis.

D knowledge of the pathogenic organism, Vibrio cholerae.

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