Exam # 1

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Question #1

What marks the true division between the continental margin and deep ocean basin?

A shelf break

B abyssal fan

C coastline

D trenches

E granite-to-basalt transition

Question #2

What is a typical characteristic of passive continental margins?

A volcanic activity

B broad continental shelf

C narrow continental shelf

D trenches

E coincides with plate boundary

Question #3

What type of geologic feature is formed at the intersection of two converging continental plates?

A Rifts

B Spreading centers

C Volcanoes

D Mountains

E Subduction zones

Question #4

Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of _____.

A carbonate

B granitic rock

C basaltic rock

D mineral deposits

E sediments

Question #5

You collect a sediment core from a continental rise that shows successive graded beds deposited one on top of another. Each graded bed has coarse material deposited below finer material. This is evidence of:

A There is not enough information to tell.

B seasonal production of biogenous ooze

C subduction

D turbidity current deposits

E sea level change

Question #6

What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin?

A Shell

B Basalt

C Carbonate

D Alluvial rock

E Granite

Question #7

Which geological processes explains why the ocean floors are so young?

A subduction

B rift formation

C transform faulting

D mountain formation

E erosion

Question #8

The compressional movement of plate boundaries, such as observed at the Juan De Fuca plate, is representative of which type of boundary?

A Convergent

B Divergent

C Subduction

D Transform

E Spreading center

Question #9

Within Earth’s mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from ____.

A subduction zones; spreading centers

B spreading centers; subduction zones

C spreading centers; hot spots

D hot spots; spreading centers

E subduction zones; continental crust

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the oxygen revolution?

A Reduction in UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface

B Fossil stromatolites

C Banded iron formation

D Evolution of respiring organisms

E Composition of volcanic gases

Question #11

Which condition of early Earth would be necessary to allow the process of biosynthesis?

A ozone in the upper atmosphere

B oxygen-depleted atmosphere

C aerobic conditions

D oxygen in the atmosphere

E extreme high temperatures

Question #12

The water for Earth’s ocean originated from ____.

A the sun

B solar wind

C volcanic activity and other planets

D other planets

E volcanic activity and comets

Question #13

As mountains erode, how will isostatic forces cause Earth’s crust beneath the mountain to behave?

A Subduct

B Rise

C Spread out

D Sink

E Stay the same

Question #14

Deep earthquakes typically occur at _____________.

A fracture zones

B mid-ocean ridges

C subduction zones

D transform plate boundaries

E spreading centers

Question #15

Secondary waves (S-waves) are able to pass through which layer of Earth?

A Crust and mantle

B Liquid outer core and solid inner core

C Mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core

D Crust only

E Mantle and liquid outer core

Question #16

Which concept describes early Earth as separated into layers by gravity, with each deeper layer denser than the layer above?

A Tectonic theory

B Centrifugal force

C Continental drift

D Density stratification

E Seismic theory

Question #17

How is the surface water above a deep trench in the ocean floor distorted as a result of the trench?

A No distortion

B Downward distortion

C Sideways distortion

D Upward distortion

Question #18

A sound pulse released from an echo sounder returns to the ship in 6.8 seconds. Assuming the speed of sound in ocean water is 4800 ft/sec, how many feet deep is the ocean at this location?

A 32,640

B 16,320

C 353

D There is not enough information to tell

E 706

Question #19

What occurs below the calcium carbonate compensation depth?

A Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve.

B The rate of calcareous sediment accumulation is greater than the rate of dissolution.

C Calcareous oozes start to form

D Seawater becomes less acidic.

E Calcium carbonate begins to precipitate into a solid.

Question #20

Which particle size has the fastest settling velocity in still water?

A coarse sand

B coarse silt

C clay

D silt

E fine sand

Question #21

If someone tells you that they are at 90° latitude, then you know they must be:

A at the International Date Line

B in the Arctic Ocean

C there is not enough information to tell for sure

D opposite the Prime Meridian

E at one of the poles

Question #22

If there is a three hour difference between “clock” noon and “shaft” noon, how many degrees west are you from your point of origin?

A 45°

B 30°

C 90°

D 15°

E 180°

Question #23

Longitude can be found using a protractor and the north polar star.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #24

Longitudinal coordinates must always specify a position north or south of the equator.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #25

Manganese nodules can grow to exceed 1 meter in diameter within about 100 years.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #26

Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments in total volume in the ocean due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #27

The western coast of South America is an example of a passive margin.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #28

Oceanic crust is both thinner and denser than continental lithosphere.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #29

Magma typically rises to the surface at divergent plate boundaries.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #30

Seismic waves provide evidence of Earth’s interior layers.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #31

The total amount of fresh water on Earth makes up only about 2.5% of all the water near the surface of the planet.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #32

Unlike today’s atmosphere, Earth’s early atmosphere lacked free oxygen.

A TRUE

B FALSE

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