Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  turning points

B  self-control

C  attachment

D  planful competence

A  persistence

B  age of onset

C  escalation

D  desistance

A  delinquency and social policy

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  historical context of delinquency

A  social rebellion

B  aspiration avoidance

C  status frustration

D  ascetic hostility

A  absence of capable guardians

B  availability of suitable targets

C  presence of motivated offenders

D  skills necessary to engage in crime

A  primary deviation

B  cumulative disadvantage

C  formal roles

D  subjective tags

A  differential association theory

B  control theory

C  strain theory

D  drift theory

A  a schizophrenic

B  a delusional delinquent

C  a sociopath

D  a manic-depressant

A  adopted twins

B  fraternal twins

C  identical twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

B  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  colonial period

D  houses of refuge era

A  restitution programs

B  family group conferences

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  family characteristics

B  community disorganization

C  age at first conviction

D  race of offender

A  are committed by minorities

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are considered as status offenses

A  have an early age of onset

B  never had an arrest record

C  use drugs

D  have a later age of onset

A  hyperkinesis

B  dyslexia

C  psychopathy

D  aphasia

A  Travis Hirschi

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Shaw and McKay

D  Farrington

A  denial of the victim

B  denial of responsibility

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of family

A  ego

B  superego

C  psychosexual desire

D  id

A  expanded use of curfews

B  movement toward graduated sanctions

C  creation of juvenile boot camps

D  banning of violence in video games

A  poverty oppression expression

B  Marxist perspective

C  theory of differential oppression

D  power-control thesis

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, financial

C  violent, property

D  property, violent

A  social control theory

B  conflict

C  life-course criminology

D  symbolic interaction

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

A  content analysis

B  survey data

C  experimental data

D  cohort group

A  differential social control theory

B  theory of differential oppression

C  labeling theory

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  attachment

B  morals

C  belief

D  involvement

A  routine activities

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  Freudian

A  urban utilities

B  critical dimensions

C  focal concerns

D  endemic entities

A  persistent heterogeneity

B  state dependent

C  cumulative

D  resistant

A  urban life

B  more guns in use

C  single parents

D  lenient courts

A  innovation

B  conformity

C  ritualism

D  retreatism

A  Houses of refuge

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Get tough policies

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  promote the development of correctional facilities

C  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

D  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

A  Labeling

B  Conflict

C  Restorative justice

D  Symbolic interaction

A  economy and restraint

B  disorganization and culture

C  power and prestige

D  status and wealth

A  social control theory

B  reinforcement theory

C  cognitive theory

D  age-graded life-course perspective

A  increase, decrease, remain stable

B  increase, peak, decline

C  decrease, increase, decrease

D  peak, increase, decline

A  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B  get tough mandate

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

A  cold and brittle

B  warm and nurturing

C  strong

D  similar to that of family

A  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

B  The reports are classified and are not made public.

C  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

D  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

A  the social contract

B  positivism

C  atavism

D  utilitarianism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  gang members less likely to carry guns

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  gender of the offender

C  low family income

D  convicted siblings

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  public schools

B  civil courts

C  radical criminology

D  criminal laws

A  political institutions

B  religious institutions

C  governmental agents

D  family and neighborhood

A  the climate and resources within the family

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  attributes of peers

D  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A  routine activities

B  sociobiology

C  positivism

D  the classical school

A  Poverty

B  class struggle

C  racial bias

D  culture

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  social reactions

B  systematic rewards

C  rationalization

D  neutralization

A  low intelligence

B  race

C  family criminality

D  antisocial behavior during childhood

A  deviation

B  hostility

C  conformity

D  anger

A  psychological

B  biological

C  structural

D  environmental

A  anger management

B  conflict resolution skills

C  substance abuse treatment

D  empathy development

A  validity

B  spurious association

C  reliability

D  ecological fallacy

A  compulsory public schooling

B  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C  end of child labor

D  them

E  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing