Lecture Exam 2

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Question #1

A microbiology student noticed that a culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube. Which of her following conclusions about the growth of these organisms is CORRECT?

A the broth is sterile.

B they cannot tolerate oxygen.

C they should be grown in an anaerobic chamber.

D they cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase.

E they are aerobes.

Question #2

Which of the following BEST defines the growth phase period between inoculation of bacteria and beginning of multiplication in a culture medium?

A decline phase

B lag phase

C log phase

D stationary phase

Question #3

In which environment are you most likely to encounter acidophiles?

A human intestine at pH 8.5

B milk at pH 6.5

C a hot vent at pH 1.5

D human blood at pH 7.2

Question #4

Some species of bacteria can grow in hot water, such as hot tubs that people have in their homes, some of which reach temperatures in excess of 100°F. Which of the following BEST describes bacteria isolated from such a hot tub?

A mesophiles

B thermophiles

C psychrotrophs

D hyperthermophiles

Question #5

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by BOTH endospores and vegetative cells?

A radiation resistance

B resistance to drying

C heat resistance

D presence of DNA

E low metabolic activity

Question #6

During which growth curve phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?

A exponential or log phase

B death phase

C stationary phase

D lag phase

Question #7

Why is the exponential phase of growth curve of bacteria limited in its duration?

A due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites

B more than one of these are correct

C due to the rise in cell density

D due to the exhaustion of nutrients

Question #8

You have isolated a bacterium from the bottom from a deep ocean trench, in a tropical location. Which of the following terms BEST describes its physical or chemical growth requirements?

A more than one of these are correct

B alkalinophil

C barophil

D halophile

E psychrophil

Question #9

Which of the following BEST describes what happens to cells numbers and density in the exponential growth phase?

A they first increase then decreases

B they both double at a constant rate

C they are both constant

D they show an overall decreasing trend

Question #10

In lecture, we described the similarity in appearance of bacterial growth curves and the stages of human infection curve. Which of the following BEST explains why these two curves are similar in shape and size?

A exponential bacteria growth causes the illness human infection stage

B lag stage bacteria growth causes the convalescence human infection stage

C lag stage bacteria growth causes the illness human infection stage

D exponential bacteria growth causes the decline human infection stage

Question #11

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: A cell placed in a(n) __________ solution will __________ water.

A hypotonic; gain

B hypotonic; lose

C hypertonic; gain

D isotonic; gain

E isotonic; lose

Question #12

Which of the following is the BEST reason why psychrophilic bacteria will not grow in hyperthermophilic environments?

A they lack the correct atmospheric pressure

B they lack the correct nucleus

C they lack the correct pH

D they lack the correct enzymes

Question #13

Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?

A the speed of water flow

B the availability of nutrients

C the size of the population

D the density of the population

Question #14

An aquatic microbe that can grow only at the surface of the water is probably which of the following?

A a phototroph

B a chemoheterotroph

C a chemotroph

D a heterotroph

Question #15

You isolate bacteria from a mine draining water and measure the pH from this water at pH = 2.0. Which of the following growth terms BEST describes this organism?

A acidophiles

B neutrophiles

C obligate anaerobes

D alkaliphiles

Question #16

Which of the following would BEST describe a culture broth tube that was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube?

A the organism in the culture broth tube cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase enzymes

B the organisms in the culture broth tube are aerobes

C the organisms in the culture broth tube should be grown in an anaerobic chamber

D the organisms in the culture broth tube cannot tolerate oxygen

Question #17

Which of the following segments of the growth curve would starvation proteins be at their HIGHEST detectable levels?

A exponential phase

B death phase

C lag phase

D stationary phase

Question #18

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. Which of the following terms BEST describes its relationship with oxygen?

A an aerotolerant anaerobe

B a facultative anaerobe

C an obligate anaerobe

D an obligate aerobe

Question #19

The minimum distance that two objects may be separated and still be detected as two distinct particles, rather than a single particle is:

A the microscope’s resolution.

C the microscope’s clarity.

D the minimum cell size of a cell.

E the microscope’s magnification.

Question #20

Which of the following forms of light microscopy would you use if you wanted the BEST combination of contrast and resolution necessary to look at LIVING cells?

A differential interference contrast (DIC)

B UV microscopy

C scanning electron microscopy

D darkfield microscopy

E brightfield microscopy

Question #21

Which of the following types of microscopy provides a three-dimensional surface image of viruses and bacterial cells?

A transmission electron microscopy

B scanning electron microscopy

C phase-contrast microscopy

D fluorescence microscopy

E brightfield microscopy

Question #22

If you were given a specimen of an active, motile microorganism, which of the following types of microscopy would be the MOST EFFECTIVE in visualizing the live microbe?

A fluorescence microscopy

B dark-field microscopy

C bright-field microscopy

D phase-contrast microscopy

E scanning electron microscopy

Question #23

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: The instrument that produces a dark image of the specimen against a bright background is called a(n) __________ microscope.

A transmission electron

B bright-field

C dark-field

D phase-contrast

E scanning electron

Question #24

Suppose you were using a dark-field microscope to view bacterial cells. Which of the following BEST describes their general appearance using this particular microscope?

A bright bacteria on a dark background.

B dark bacteria on a bright background.

C dark bacteria on a dark background.

D fluorescent bacteria on a dark background.

E bright bacteria on a bright background.

Question #25

Which of the following has the highest radiation energy?

A light with a long wavelength

B light with a short wavelength

C light with an intermediate wavelength

D radio wavelength

Question #26

Which of the following is transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the BEST for viewing?

A surface membranes of live, living cells.

B surface structure of fixed cells.

C internal structure of live, living cells.

D internal structure of fixed cells.

Question #27

Choose the answer that completes the following statement. Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light microscopes. As a result, microscopes using electrons as their energy source have___________ resolution.

A no relationship on

B the same

C lower

D higher

Question #28

Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called:

A gliding motility

B phototaxis

C chemotaxis

D tumbling

Question #29

Which of the following would be the BEST term describing bacteria living in salt marshes?

A halotolerant

B acidophiles

C barophiles

D thermophiles

Question #30

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: Microorganisms might be virulent (i.e., be capable of causing infectious diseases) because of:

A all of these

B the presence of anatomical structures such as pili.

C the production of various enzymatic activities such as hemolysins and leucocidins

D the production of exotoxins or endotoxins.

Question #31

Which of the following are BOTH flagella and pili made of?

A carbohydrates

B nucleic acids

C protein

D lipids

Question #32

Which bacterial cell structures MUST useful antibiotics penetrate in order to kill the bacteria that they are targeted to destroy?

A outer plasma membrane

B nucleus

C flagella

D endoplasmic reticulum

E mitochondria

Question #33

Which of the following is an internal motile organelle that some bacteria like spirochetes use to propel themselves?

A fimbria

B pilum

C axial filament

D plasma membrane

Question #34

When flagella are distributed all around a bacterial cell, the arrangement is called:

A lophotrichous

B monotrichous

C peritrichous

D monotrichous

Question #35

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?

A none of these are correct

B flagella

C more than one of these are correct

D fimbriae

E glycocalyces

Question #36

Suppose that you made an anti-viral drug for SARS-COV2 that prevented it from attaching to the host cell receptor that it typically attaches to, called the ACE2 receptor. In terms of the virus’ ability to replicate, which of the following BEST describes what your novel (new) anti-viral drug did to prevent infection?

A prevented the virus from entering the host cell

B destroyed the viral nucleic acid

C none of these are correct

D prevented the virus from attaching to the host cell

E prevented the virus from leaving the host cell

Question #37

The general name of the functional group of proteins that microorganisms use to anchor themselves to the surface of their hosts are called:

A attachments

B adhesins

C phagocytosins

D hormones

Question #38

Bacterial cytoplasm can contain all of the following, EXCEPT:

A a nucleus

B ribosomes

C chlorophyll

D plasmids

Question #39

The presence of a bacterial capsule can help a bacterium that possesses it, in all of the following ways EXCEPT help it to:

A build biofilms

B damage host cells

C evade PAMPS activation

D evade phagocytosis

E move to a new location

Question #40

In which growth curve phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?

A lag phase

B log, lag, and death phases would all have roughly the same number of endospores.

C death phase

D log phase

Question #41

Flemingâ s work and discovery of penicillin in the late 1920â s was a monumental contribution treating human bacterial infections. Approximately one-hundred years later, most bacteria it was originally used to treat have â madeâ their own enzymes to change penicillin and subsequently they have become resistant to its affects. Which of the following is the name of the portion of the antibiotic that resistant bacterial strains and their enzymes â attackâ , rendering the antibiotic harmless?

A beta lactam ring

B mycolic acid

C lipopolysaccharide

D peptidoglycan

Question #42

Usually, bacteria form more endospores in response to:

A need for reproduction

B colony formation

C adverse environmental stress

D nutrient surplus

Question #43

Which of the following is slippery outer covering found in some bacteria that protects them from phagocytosis by host phagocytic cells?

A peptidoglycan

B capsule

C cell wall

D flagellum

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