Text No. 2

A  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

B  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

C  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

D  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

A  a long canine tooth in males.

B  a Y-5 molar pattern.

C  bilophodont molars.

D  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

A  development of Dryopithecus.

B  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C  extinction of many primate species.

D  spread of Sivapithecus

A  climate change.

B  a meteor impact.

C  early humans hunting them for food.

D  a disease pandemic.

A  dryopithecids

B  adapids.

C  proprimates.

D  proconsulids.

A  orangutan

B  chimpanzee

C  gibbon

D  gorilla

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

C  predators had the ability to see primates better.

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  anthropoid.

B  New World monkey.

C  primate.

D  ape.

A  plesiadapiforms.

B  adapids.

C  dryopithecids.

D  proconsulids.

A  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

B  any time periods in the past.

C  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

D  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

A  electron spin resonance

B  carbon 14

C  dendrochronology

D  biostratigraphy

A  isotope ratios

B  temperature estimated using any of several methods

C  weather

D  sea levels

A  shells

B  ceramics

C  bones and teeth

D  wooden objects

A  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

B  These areas provided better preservation.

C  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

D  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

A  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

B  radioisotopes

C  index fossils.

D  carbon 14.

A  bone

B  shell

C  igneous rock

D  sedimentary rock

A  fluorine analysis.

B  geolayering.

C  superposition.

D  paleomagnetism.

A  chronological sequence.

B  era.

C  phylogeny.

D  period.

A  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

B  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

C  engaging in care of young

D  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

A  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

B  some primate societies are male only.

C  some primate societies are female only.

D  several species of primates coexist socially.

A  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

B  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

C  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

D  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

A  determines male and female social hierarchy.

B  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

C  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

A  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

B  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

C  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

D  individual factors, as in humans.

A  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

B  source, quantity, and safety.

C  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

D  speed, agility, and strength.

A  niche competition

B  habitat

C  adaptive radiation

D  predation

A  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

B  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

C  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

D  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

A  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

B  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

C  None of the answers

D  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

A  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

B  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

C  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

D  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

A  opposable thumbs.

B  short digits.

C  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D  a precision grip.

A  the ability to brachiate.

B  adaptation to life in the savanna.

C  adaptation to life in the trees.

D  the ability to move on four limbs.

A  Asia.

B  Madagascar.

C  South America.

D  Africa.

A  present in most primates.

B  present in catarrhine primates.

C  made strictly of muscle.

D  present only in some platyrrhines.

A  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

A  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

B  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

C  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

D  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

A  a reduced number of teeth.

B  smaller eye orbits.

C  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

D  a larger brain.